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MySQL-索引-索引长度的一些限制

转自:http://www.cnblogs.com/yuyue2014/p/4339090.html

myisam 存储引擎

数据库版本:阿里云 RDS MySQL5.1

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mysql> select @@version;
+-------------------------------+
| @@version |
+-------------------------------+
| 5.1.61-Alibaba-rds-201404-log |
+-------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

测试的表结构信息

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mysql> show create table tb2\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: tb2
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `tb2` (
`a` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`b` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`c` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`d` varchar(1000) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

添加单列索引,能够添加成功(报出warning),但实际添加的是前缀索引。

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mysql> alter table tb2 add index idx1 (d);
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+---------+------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1071 | Specified key was too long; max key length is 1000 bytes |
| Warning | 1071 | Specified key was too long; max key length is 1000 bytes |
+---------+------+----------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

表结构信息:

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mysql> show create table tb2\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: tb2
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `tb2` (
`a` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`b` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`c` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`d` varchar(1000) DEFAULT NULL,
KEY `idx1` (`d`(333))
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

添加组合索引,会执行失败。

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mysql> alter table tb2 add index idx1 (a,b);
ERROR 1071 (42000): Specified key was too long; max key length is 1000 bytes

分析

myisam 存储引擎在创建索引的时候,索引键长度是有一个较为严格的长度限制的,所有索引键最大长度总和不能超过 1000,而且不是实际数据长度的总和,而是索引键字段定义长度的总和。

主要字符集的计算方式:

  • latin1 = 1 byte = 1 character
  • uft8 = 3 byte = 1 character
  • gbk = 2 byte = 1 character

innodb 存储引擎

表结构信息:

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mysql> create table tb1 (a varchar(255), b varchar(255), c varchar(255), d varchar(1000));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

添加组合索引,报出waring,实际在某个单列上添加的是前缀索引

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mysql> alter table tb1 add index idx1(a,b,c,d);

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1071 | Specified key was too long; max key length is 767 bytes |
| Warning | 1071 | Specified key was too long; max key length is 767 bytes |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

添加单列索引,报出 waring,实际添加的是前缀索引

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mysql> alter table tb1 add index idx2(d);
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1071 | Specified key was too long; max key length is 767 bytes |
| Warning | 1071 | Specified key was too long; max key length is 767 bytes |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table tb1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: tb1
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `tb1` (
`a` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`b` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`c` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`d` varchar(1000) DEFAULT NULL,
KEY `idx1` (`a`,`b`,`c`,`d`(255)),
KEY `idx2` (`d`(255))
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

分析:

默认情况下,InnoDB 引擎单一字段索引的长度最大为 767 字节,同样的,前缀索引也有同样的限制。当使用 UTF-8 字符集,每一个字符使用 3 字节来存储,在 TEXT 或者 VARCHAR 类型的字段上建立一个超过 255 字符数的前缀索引时就会遇到问题。可以启用服务器选项 innodb_large_prefix 使得这个限制增加到 3072 字节,而且表的 row_format 需要使用 compressed 或者 dynamic。

使用前缀索引带来的风险:

INNODB的索引会限制单独Key的最大长度为767字节,超过这个长度必须建立小于等于767字节的前缀索引。

此外,BLOB和TEXT类型的列只能创建前缀索引。

前缀索引能提高索引建立速度和检索速度,但是下面情况是无法使用前缀索引的:

  • 索引覆盖扫描
  • 通过索引的排序(order by, group by)

还是在上面的测试表上:

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mysql> explain select * from tb1 order by d;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tb1 | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> explain select * from tb1 group by d;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tb1 | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)